Learn About Thermal Inversion

Temperature inversion layers, also called thermal inversions or just inversion layers, are areas where the normal decrease in air temperature with increasing altitude is reversed and the air above the ground is warmer than the air below it. Inversion layers can occur anywhere from close to ground level up to thousands of feet into the atmosphere. Inversion layers are significant to meteorology because they block atmospheric flow which causes the air over an area experiencing an inversion to become stable. This can then result in various types of weather patterns. More importantly, though, areas with heavy pollution are prone to unhealthy air and an increase in smog when an inversion is present because they trap pollutants at ground level instead of circulating them away. Causes Normally, air temperature decreases at a rate of 3.5Â °F for every 1,000 feet (or roughly 6.4Â °C for every kilometer) you climb into the atmosphere. When this normal cycle is present, it is considered an unstable air mass, and air constantly flows between the warm and cool areas. The air is better able to mix and spread around pollutants. During an inversion episode, temperatures increase with increasing altitude. The warm inversion layer then acts as a cap and stops atmospheric mixing. This is why inversion layers are called stable air masses. Temperature inversions are a result of other weather conditions in an area. They occur most often when a warm, less dense air mass moves over a dense, cold air mass. This can happen, for example, when the air near the ground rapidly loses its heat on a clear night. The ground becomes cooled quickly while the air above it retains the heat the ground was holding during the day. Temperature inversions also occur in some coastal areas because upwelling of cold water can decrease surface air temperature and the cold air mass stays under warmer ones. Topography can also play a role in creating a temperature inversion since it can sometimes cause cold air to flow from mountain peaks down into valleys. This cold air then pushes under the warmer air rising from the valley, creating the inversion. In addition, inversions can also form in areas with significant snow cover because the snow at ground level is cold and its white color reflects almost all heat coming in. Thus, the air above the snow is often warmer because it holds the reflected energy. Consequences Some of the most significant consequences of temperature inversions are the extreme weather conditions they can sometimes create. One example is freezing rain. This phenomenon develops with a temperature inversion in a cold area because snow melts as it moves through the warm inversion layer. The precipitation then continues to fall and passes through the cold layer of air near the ground. When it moves through this final cold air mass it becomes super-cooled (cooled below freezing without becoming solid.) The supercooled drops then become ice when they land on items like cars and trees and the result is freezing rain or an ice storm. Intense thunderstorms and tornadoes are also associated with inversions because of the intense energy that is released after an inversion blocks an area’s normal convection patterns. Smog Although freezing rain, thunderstorms, and tornadoes are significant weather events, one of the most important things impacted by an inversion layer is smog. This is the brownish-gray haze that covers many of the world’s largest cities and is a result of dust, auto exhaust, and industrial manufacturing. Smog is impacted by the inversion layer because it is, in essence, capped when the warm air mass moves over an area. This happens because the warmer air layer sits over a city and prevents the normal mixing of cooler, denser air. The air instead becomes still and, over time, the lack of mixing causes pollutants to become trapped under the inversion, developing significant amounts of smog. During severe inversions that last over long periods, smog can cover entire metropolitan areas and cause respiratory problems for the inhabitants. In December 1952 such an inversion occurred in London. Because of the cold December weather, Londoners began to burn more coal, which increased air pollution in the city. Since the inversion was present over the city, these pollutants became trapped and increased London’s air pollution. The result was the Great Smog of 1952 that was blamed for thousands of deaths. Like London, Mexico City has also experienced problems with smog that have been exacerbated by the presence of an inversion layer. This city is infamous for its poor air quality, but these conditions are worsened when warm subtropical high-pressure systems move over the city and trap air in the Valley of Mexico. When these pressure systems trap the valley’s air, pollutants are also trapped and intense smog develops. Since 2000, Mexicos government has developed a plan aimed at reducing ozone and particulates released into the air over the city. London’s Great Smog and Mexico’s similar problems are extreme examples of smog being impacted by the presence of an inversion layer. This is a problem all over the world, though, and cities like Los Angeles, Mumbai, Santiago, and Tehran frequently experience intense smog when an inversion layer develops over them. Because of this, many of these cities and others are working to reduce their air pollution. To make the most of these changes and to reduce smog in the presence of a temperature inversion, it’s important to first understand all aspects of this phenomenon, making it an important component of the study of meteorology, a significant subfield within geography.

The Role of Gender in Dracula - 1144 Words

Bram Stoker’s â€Å"Dracula† is a story about a Vampire named Count Dracula and his journey to satisfy his lust for blood. The story is told through a series of individuals’ journal entries and a letters sent back and forth between characters. Bram Stoker shows the roll in which a certain gender plays in the Victorian era through the works of Dracula. This discussion not only consists of the roll a certain gender takes, but will be discussing how a certain gender fits into the culture of that time period as well as how males and females interact among each other. The Victorian era was extremely conservative when it came to the female, however there are signs of the changing into the New Woman inside of Dracula. Essentially the woman was to be assistance to a man and stay pure inside of their ways. Throughout the Story of Dracula, it is apparent that the standard of a male in contrast to a female is Dramatically greater. We see through the letters that were sent back and forth between Mina and Lucy that Lucy is trying to choose between three men. The first of which is Quincey Morris whom in which is extremely wealthy and has a title to his name, however the downside to choosing him is that he is old. The second of which is Dr. Seward; although he is a doctor it is considered to be a negative due to the fact that his profession is in a mental institution. The problem with his profession being in a mental institution is that during the Victorian era, mental institutions were not aShow MoreRelatedGender Roles in Dracula769 Words   |  4 PagesGender Roles in Dracula In a time period where females had narrow gender roles, Bram Stoker wrote his novel, Dracula. The Victorian culture often suppressed women and their value. Traditional Victorian women were thought of to be pure and virginal. Bram Stoker revealed another side of women that was not often seen. These qualities were like that of the emerging new feministic culture called the â€Å"New Woman†. The concept of gender roles in the 1890’s was very conflicted; Dracula challenged traditionalRead MoreInverted Gender Roles: Dracula by Bram Stoker1465 Words   |  6 PagesEveryone In Bram Stoker’s novel Dracula, Stoker’s use of inverted gender roles allows readers to grasp the sense of obscureness throughout, eventually leading to the reader’s realization that these characters are rather similar to the â€Å"monster† which they call Dracula. Despite being in the Victorian era, Stoker’s use of sexuality in the novel contributes to the reasoning of obscureness going against the Victorian morals and values. Throughout the novel the stereotypical roles of the Victorian man and womanRead MoreThe Idea Of Gender Roles In Dracula By Bram Stoker1290 Words   |  6 Pagesdoes not represent reality. Gender norms are a form of social constructs assigned by society dictating how male and females should speak, dress, think and interact within societies context. Gender rules are then followed by gender norms; they define what is considered masculine and feminine; and whether or not these things are acceptable, appropriate or desirable by s ocieties mean. Dracula, a 1897 gothic fiction novel written by Bram Stoker explores the idea of gender roles in the victorian era perfectlyRead MoreWomen During The Victorian Era Essay1719 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the 19th century, especially during the Victorian era, gender roles became very distinctive. There were certain characteristics that the ideal Victorian man or woman were expected to have which emphasized patriarchal superiority. The patriarchal system meant that males had dominance in their homes, specifically over women. The ideal man during this time period would focus on achieving job related success which, in turn, would show that he is an eligible suitor to get married. It was seenRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Dracula `` By Bram Stoker1631 Words   |  7 PagesPatriarchy and ingrained gender roles in most everyone’s mind. Most everyone feels comforted by their mother the most. Though there are a few exceptions, a mother is someone who has carried, given bir th to, and nurtured their offspring, especially in early years (often with breast milk). In Brahms Stoker’s Dracula, Stoker creates irony and draws attention to the deviation of Mina from the angel in the house Victorian woman by having Mina drink blood from Jonathan’s chest while Dracula watches over her.Read MoreDracula, By Bram Stoker1291 Words   |  6 Pages ​Bram Stoker, author of Dracula, not only creates the early depiction of vampire stories; but writes more to contradict the age old beliefs of women and their role in society. Dracula is more that just a vampire story. There is a deeper level to this. A level in which it can incite change in the way one percieves women. There is a noition that all women were to be the same but Dracula refutes that. Vampire sexuality, as represented in Bram Stoker s Dracula, reveals itself as both a phenomenon thatRead MoreCourtroom Case : Phyllis A. Roth Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pagesalso a Freudian. A better term to describe Roth would be a psychoanalytic feminist. One of her works as an author can be found in the back of the book Dracula: A Norton Critical Edition. Her criticism article is titled Suddenly Sexual Woman in Bram Stoker’s Dracula. In her article she analyzes the famous novel Dracula. She explores how gender plays a role in the novel and the concept of femininity. She wr ites about the transformation that takes place when a proper lady turns into a sexual vampire. HerRead MoreAnalysis Of The s Of And The Quiet, Proper Victorian Woman 934 Words   |  4 Pages A prevalent theme throughout Dracula is that of a woman’s role in society. The main female protagonist, Mina, is a delicate balance between the strong and independent â€Å"New Woman† and the quiet, proper Victorian woman that was customary in English society prior to the 1900s. She embodies the kindness, sense of duty, and femininity of a Victorian woman, while tentatively embracing the strength, bravery, and intelligence of â€Å"New Women.† Despite this slight reform, Mina still desires to be seen a meekRead MoreTexts Can Be Modified or Appropriated to Suit Different Audiences or Purposes, Yet Still Remain Firmly Within the Genre. Discuss Stoker’s ‘Dracula’ and at Least One of the Films You Have Studied.1050 Words   |  5 Pagesremain firmly wit hin the genre. Discuss Stoker’s ‘Dracula’ and at least one of the films you have studied. FW Murnau’s 1921 film Nosferatu is an appropriation of Bram Stoker’s 1897 novel Dracula. Despite it being an appropriation, explicit gothic conventions remain evident, which explore societal fears and values. These fears and values differ from Dracula, due to distinct contextual influences of different time periods. Stoker’s novel Dracula, presents the fear of female promiscuity, for whichRead MoreBram Stoker s Dracul Victorian Men And Women1455 Words   |  6 PagesKatherine Fulmer ENGL 3023 Dr. Lawrence 1 December 2015 Bram Stoker’s Dracula: Victorian Men and Women 1. Introduction Bram Stoker’s world famous novel Dracula, blurs the lines between Victorian ideal gender roles by using strong central female characters, such as, the three vampire sisters, Lucy and Mina, to express a powerful female sexuality challenging the Victorian notion of what makes a woman. The Victorian society placed women in a bubble of sexual purity and fragileness, making men the central

Approaches of OM Free Essays

Approaches of OM  :Within the past fifteen years or so there has been much studies about the theoretical status of discourse markers (DMS) focusing on what they are ,what they mean and what functions they manifest. Fraser (1999) maintains that teseachers have agreed that DMS are lexical expressions that relate discourse segments , but they have disagreed on how they are defined and what functions they carry. Similar to this view, shourup (1999) argues that there is disagreement on functions on fundamental issues in the study of DMS. We will write a custom essay sample on Approaches of OM or any similar topic only for you Order Now researchers are unable to agree on the grammatical category of DMS or how to delimit their class or even what types of meaning these markers express. In order to understand more about DMS in language it is necessary to refer to tow approaches of DMS  :The reliance theory and coherence teased approach1/coherence based approach:Within coherence theory it is assumed DMS play a major role in dis course interpretation by using â€Å"coherence † relations between discourse units. As shourup (1999,p.240) argues that the interpretation of a text, according to the coherence group. Depends on the identification of coherence relations between the units of that text . this group includes researchers who adopt a coherence-based theory. The main figures of this group are Schifrin (1987). Fraser (1988-1990) and redeker (1990-1991).Schifrin (1987) studies the semantic and grammatical status of DMS and their functions . since she belongs to the coherence group, Schifrin states that DMS contribute to the coherence of the text by establishing coherence relationships between units of talk Schifrin (1987,b.9). He adds that DMS indicate that the interpretation of one clause is determined by the information derived from the prior clause .Schifrin proposes that DMS have a coherence role in the sense that they relate informational units in the present discourse with informational units in the prior discourse , this is what Schifrin calls local coherence in her framework; which means that it is local in the sense that DMS link two adjacent units in the text. She states that DMS have both cohesive and structural roles ; structural because they link two (or more) syntactic units, and also cohesive because the interpretation of the utterance depends on the combination of both conjuncts. It can be summarized that Schifrin concentrates on the linguistic and structural role that DMS play to achieve discourse coherence by linking discourse units The second figure of coherence-based theory is Fraser(1999). Similarly to Schifrin, Fraser maintains that DMS contribute to the coherence of a text by indicating coherence relationships between units of talk however, Fraser(1999,938) indicates that DMS do not have to signal any relationship between segment 2 and segment 1 (adjacent segments of talk ).A discourse marker can relate the segment it introduces with any other previous segment in discourse .And this is known as ‘global coherence ,it is contrasted to Schifrin’s local coherence . Fraser’s (1997-1999) account focuses on pragmatic functions of DMS ;he calls them â€Å"pragmatic markers†. Fraser define DMS in his proposal as they are linguistic element that encode clues which signal the speaker potential communicative intention .2/ Relevance-based account:Sperber and Wilson (1986,1995) have developed the relevance theory. It is a pragmatic model that explain how speakers interpret utterances. It based on cognitive ability of the hearer to interpret the utterance rather the linguistic one. The relevance theory suggests that the mind’s central processor is highly effective in holding the information because it is specifically oriented towards the search for relevance (as cited in the use of discourse markers in E.F.L learners writing by ana cristina laluerta Martinez university of Oviedo). The principle of relevance determines that all utterances are ruled by the level of optimal relevance .that is to say ,when a speaker calls a hearer’s attention to the utterance . He is claiming that his utterance is relevant enough to deserve the hearer’s attention. To discuss deeply the relation between relevance theory and discourse markers , Blakemore should be present Blakemore (1987) argument is that DMS play a crucial role in the interpretation of utterance by providing the hearer/reader with some guidance in the inferential phase to reach the optimal relevance. According to Blakemore (1987), connectives contribute to the interpretation process. Usually a speaker/writer has a specific interpretation of his utterance and to guide the hearer/reader to reach the right interpretation DMS are so important .They provide the specification of certain properties of the context and the contextual effects .The level of optimal relevance means that the larger contextual effect the smaller cognitive effort . generally the hearer stores a number of assumption in his memory ,and these assumptions can interact with the new information conveyed by the speaker , which come up with three results ; a new assumption or the contradiction , and even elimination , of an assumption Blakemore (1992;p.135). This the speakers/writer can help the hearer by reducing the cognitive effort. As Blakemore (1992;p.176) â€Å"a speaker may use the linguistic from of his utterance to guide the interpretation process†. Similar features of discourse markers:Despite the large disagreement about the definition and the classification of discourse markers ,There are some basic characteristic and features shared by discourse markers have been identified in DMS studies. Schourup (1999) argues, â€Å"to identify a small sent of characteristic most commonly attributes to discourse markers and to items referred to by other closely associated terms†. He realizes the most common features in these expressions from some studies in the discourse markers. These features are â€Å"multi-categoriality, connectivity, mon-truth conditionality, weak clause association, initiality, and optionality†a-multi- categoriality : It is viewed that discourse markers constitute a functional category that is heterogeneous with respect to the syntactic class (as cited in (similar features). Because items that are usually included in DMS are not structurally unified. They are derived from a variety of grammatical sources. Schourup (1999,p.134) distinguishes in wich DM function has been a attributed whether words like: adverbs (eg, now actually, anyway), coordinating and subordinating conjunctions (e.g, and, but, because). Interjections (e.g, oh, gosh, boy) verbs (e.g, say, look, see) or it can includes clauses (e.g, you see, I mean, you know). The fact that DMS are drown from different word classes makes them difficult to define them structurally. And that means they have identical counterparts that are not used as markers. Kohlani (2010,p39) points out that despite the great dispute regarding â€Å"the coexistence of two structurally identical items that function differently in discourse†, they do not overlap in discourse :When an expression functions as a discourse markers ,it does not express the propositional meaning of, its identical counterparts. As cites in janina buintkiene (2015)b- connectivity :connectivity is a common point shared by many studies concerning the DMS. They agree that DMS connect utterances or other discourse unites. However, there is a great disagreement about the nature of the connection discourse markers express and the nature and extent of the element connected ,as Schourup ( 1999,p20)point out. Thus connectivity is conceived differently due to the way discourse is viewed. In coherence-based studies, like Schifrin (1987) and Fraser (1999) defined DMS as connectives which relate two textual units by marking the relationships between them; they contribute to inter-utterance coherence. For coherence-based studies DMS have an important role in connecting one segment of text to another. In relevance-based studies, DMS do not connect one segment of text to another but they provide the hearer/reader with the right interpretation of the segment they introduce. Blakemore (1987) noted that DMS can play the role of connecting the host utterance not only the linguistic co-text but also to the context in a wider sense. For within relevance theory, discourse markers are viewed as expressing â€Å"inferential connections† that constrain the â€Å"cognitive processes† underlying the interpretation of the segment they introduce (Blakemore(2002,p.5).similar to this view, shourup (1999,p.230-232)states that DMS do not connect one segment of text to another. Rather they connect the â€Å"propositional content† expressed by their host sentence â€Å"to assumptions that are expressed by context†. He concludes that if connectivity is criterial for DM status, it can be used to distinguish DMS from various other initial element such as illocutionary adverbials (e.g, confidentially), attitudinal adverbials (e.g, sadly) and from primary interjections (e.g, oops). c/ nontruth-conditionality: nontruth-conditionality is also a feature that most researchers attribute to discourse markers. Saying that DMS are nontruth-conditional means that they bring no meaning or condition to the sentence. As Schourup (1999,p.232) claims that DMS are generally thought to contribute nothing to the truth-conditions of the proposition expressed by an utterance. Fraser (1996) also claimed that DMS do not influence the truth-conditions of sentences; he approved the idea that truth-conditions pertain to mental representations not to sentences. Accordingly ,for many researchers discourse markers are nontruth-conditional means that DMS are part of the pragmatic component of the sentence. Ostman (1995,p.98) argues that their â€Å"primary task in language is not related to the propositional aspect of sentences, but to the pragmatic functioning of language†. Moreover, Blakemore (2002) points out that pragmatic is defined as â€Å"meaning minus truth conditions†. She argues that pragmatic information which is not part of the truth conditional content â€Å"cannot be obtained through decoding linguistic forms†. As a conclusion, DMS are non-propositional expressions means that they are not part of propositional meaning of the sentence moreover; this does not mean they do not effect this meaning. DMS are not important in the propositional structure, but they do effect the propositional meaning. As Andersen (2001) argues that the meaning of the sentence is â€Å"not handled solely by the words contained in the utterance† rather is conveyed by † complex semantic and pragmatic processes†, as cited by kohlan (2010).d/ weak clause association:another characteristic of discourse markers that has been identified by Schourup (1999,p.232-234) is weak clause association. It is similar to the nontruth-conditionality feature is the sense of the detachment of DMS from their host sentence. As cited in janina buitkiene (2015), Brinton argues (1996,p.34), DMS usually occur â€Å"cither outside the syntactic structure or loosely attached to it†. DMS are regarded as being outside the propositional content and the syntactic structure of the sentence. Schourup (1999) points out that some of DMS have their syntactic structure such as on the other hand and you know (232). It is also because of their loose grammatical attachment to the structure of their host sentence, that discourse markers are after separate from the main clause by comma or independent two unit â€Å"regard Len whether they occur within the clause or at its initial† (ibid, 233). e/ initiality:IS one of the most noticeable feature of discourse markers. For some researchers. DMS occurs initially in the sentence. As Hansen (1997,p.157) points out that â€Å"markers must necessarily precede their host unit†. Similarly, Fraser (1990,p389) state â€Å"typically occur only in utterance-initial position†. The significance of the initial position as a text organizer is what makes it the most appropriate place in which discourse markers can fulfill their role in discourse. As cited in.The place of DMS is related to their function in discourse. Schourup (1999) states. â€Å"because they are used to restrict the contextual interpretation of an utterance†; he adds â€Å"it makes sense to restrict context early before interpretation can run astray† (233). Moreover, kohlani (2010.48) argues that initial position give for DMS wide scope over the whole sentence or paragraph to influence hearer or reader interpretation of everything that follows. f/ Optionality:Being optional rather than obligatory is another feature of discourse markers. Accordingly, DMS can be present or absent in the discourse. As Schifrin (1987) argues. â€Å"are never obligatory†. Moreover, Schourup (1999,p.231) states that DMS are optional in two distinct senses: â€Å"syntactically optional in the sense that removal of a DMS does not alter grammaticality of the sentences and in the further sense that they do not enlarge the possibilities for semantic relationship between the element they associate†. However, he adds. â€Å"it is never claimed that the optionality of DMS renders them useless as redundant†. This means even if DMS are regarded as syntactically and semantically optional, pragmatically are not. Supporting to this view, Brinton (1996) argues, † they are not pragmatically optional or superfluous†. Instead , they guide the hearer/reader to a particular interpretation. As Brinton (1996,p.34) argues â€Å"they reinforce or clue the interpretation intended by the speaker†. How to cite Approaches of OM, Papers

Comparison of Lord of the Flies with Peter Pan free essay sample

The books â€Å"Lord of the Flies† by William Golding, and â€Å"Peter Pan† by J. M. Barrie, have similar characteristics that will be compared and contrasted in this paper. â€Å"Lord of the Flies† takes place on a deserted island where about 20 British boys have crashed during World War II. Peter Pan, dissimilarly, tells the tale of a boy who doesn’t want to grow up and lives on the magical island of Neverland with the Lost Boys. Both Lord of the Flies and Peter Pan have common themes, symbols, and characters, but, at the same time, differ. Lord of the Flies and Peter Pan share quite a few qualities. They have themes that are in common, but also have some that are completely unrelated. The symbolisms in each book also play a large role. Physical symbols along with symbols that aren’t tangible will be discussed. The last subject that will be presented will be the personalities of characters. People such as Ralph, Jack, Peter, Wendy, the Lost Boys, and the Island Boys will be compared and contrasted. The first of all of these points to be addressed will be the themes. In both stories, there are evident themes presented; some of which they have in common. One major theme that is found in both Lord of the Flies and Peter Pan is the innocence of childhood. Though, there is a difference in the way they address their innocence. The Island Boys outgrow their innocence. They aren’t helpless children any longer; they embrace being unsupervised and use it as their right to adulthood. The Lost Boys in Peter Pan strive to maintain their childhood for as long as they can. They don’t want to grow up, nor do they want to act any older than they are. Even though innocence is a common theme, the two groups of boys diverge in their role playing. The second coinciding theme Lord of the Flies and Peter Pan have is battles from within. In Lord of the Flies, Jack struggles with the idea of killing the pig. He wants so badly to slaughter it, but the piece of civilized Brit that is left in him won’t allow it. It’s obvious this killing has become an obsession to Jack when he says, â€Å"If I could only get a pig! † (pg. 55), in chapter 3, and repeatedly brings up the subject. Wendy also has an inward struggle in her story. She has fun and adapts to the ways of Neverland, but, in the back of her mind, she knows she must return home. She debates with herself throughout her stay with Peter, but realizes she and her brothers must go back to reality and grow up. The next theme mainly pertains to Lord of the Flies. As previously discussed, the Island Boys want to rid themselves of childhood innocence. Although, the boys don’t only rid themselves of innocence, they lose their humanity altogether. They forget their past lives as proper English gentlemen, and become savages. Wendy’s younger brothers, John and Michael, face something similar to that to a certain extent when they believe that Peter is their father and Wendy is their mother. They forget their old ways, just as the Island Boys did, but they don’t become uncivilized. The following theme that Peter Pan and Lord of the Flies don’t have in common is the aspect of romance. Peter is a player, switching between his affections for Tinker Bell, to Tiger Lilly, and to Wendy. Though, he is most predominately attracted to Wendy. It is also the kiss that Wendy gives Peter that allows him to fight Captain Hook and overthrow him. Lord of the Flies, on the other hand, has no way to incorporate romance. Being that there are about 20 boys stuck on an island together, with no females, it makes it very difficult to add in that particular theme. The closest similarity to romance that Lord of the Flies has is who wants to be first. The girls in Peter’s life, and the Lost Boys, all want to be the center of his attention. Similarly, The Island Boys fight to be recognized. Jack battles to be the leader and hold the affection of the others, just as Piggy seeks respect. The first symbols that will be discussed are the physical ones. In Lord of the Flies, the conch shell that Piggy finds is one of the most symbolic objects in the book. The conch, that states whoever holds it is allowed to speak, possesses great authority. It also shows that the Island Boys are trying to maintain their humanity by having an organization system. The conch symbolizes brains and intelligence. It was Piggy’s idea to have this rule, and he was the main enforcer of it. When the conch shattered as Piggy died, it represented the loss of all hope. Their whole system had officially ended. In Peter Pan a significant symbol is that of the kiss and thimble. Wendy gives Peter a â€Å"kiss†, which is actually a thimble, out of her newfound affection for him. Peter, however, doesn’t realize the significance of it, and naturally gives her an acorn in return. This act of giving â€Å"kisses† is only seen as significant to Wendy at the time. Later, when the acorn saves Wendy’s life, Peter grasps the importance of it. This exchanging of â€Å"kisses† is also representing Wendy’s growing up. She has that yearning for romance that most young girls do, and has sought to find it in Peter. The second set of symbols is not physical; instead they are heard. In Lord of the Flies, when the boys kill a pig, they chant, â€Å"Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Spill her blood. † (pg. 69) When this rhythmic shouting begins, death is always near; whether it is of a pig or a human. The clock that ticks from the crocodile in Peter Pan has a similar meaning. Both evoke fear into people. The reciting of the gruesome lines frightens Ralph, Piggy, and probably other boys involved; just as the tick-tock emanating from the crocodile paralyzed Captain Hook. The sounds also illustrate power over weakness. The chanting from Jack’s hunters shows that they have the capability of hunting and killing. This brings an advantage over Ralph and his group since they are fairly defenseless. Captain Hook, though he appears invincible, becomes too afraid of the crocodile, and it ultimately causes his demise. Throughout both tales, there are similar personalities of characters. Two that will be examined are Peter and Ralph. Both boys have leadership qualities, but conduct their empire in different ways. Peter focuses on having fun and doing whatever he feels like on that day. Since he doesn’t want to grow up, Peter acts like a child, but at the same time plays the role of a father to the Lost Boys. Ralph, similarly, wants to have fun in the beginning. But, they were stranded on an island by themselves, and Ralph soon realized the need of rescuing. Ralph quickly obtains an obsession with keeping the fire, and makes that the number one priority. Peter, however, doesn’t have goals. He spars with Captain Hook and listens to stories for entertainment. Also, the two boys each have their â€Å"second in command†. Peter uses Tinker Bell as a companion, but doesn’t really listen to her. Ralph has Piggy, whose ideas he either doesn’t listen to, or takes as his own. Ralph also shares characteristics with Wendy. As mentioned earlier, Ralph wanted to have fun in the beginning. Wendy has the same experience when she falls for Peter and wants to explore Neverland with him. Both Ralph and Wendy soon realize that their times on the far away places are up, and they have to go home. Ralph, like Wendy, is really the only one who sees the importance of returning. Though, Ralph stresses the fact of rescue, while Wendy would bring up the thought, and then dismiss it. Captain Hook and Jack Merridew are noted as the antagonist of each narrative. Both Hook and Jack want to gain power. Hook wants to overthrow Peter, and take over. Similarly, Jack wants to bring down Ralph as chief. Their plans were similar in structure, except Jack’s execution was pretty much successful with his plan, while Hook got eaten by a crocodile. As far as one could tell, Hook has always been evil. Contrasting to Jack, who, in the beginning he wasn’t evil per say, he just sought power. Hook and Jack likewise have goals of killing. Hook only seeks to have revenge on Peter Pan, and slay him. Jack wants terribly to slaughter a pig, and eventually does. He then quickly escalates to the killing of people. Peter’s group of Lost Boys are in a similar situation as the boys stuck on the Island in Lord of the Flies. Both sets of boys are under the power of a kid no older than 12. Although, the Lost Boys tend to fealty obey Peter Pan, whereas the Island Boys don’t really know who to comply with. They Lost Boys don’t question the authority that Peter has; they do as they’re told. The boys on the island generally don’t listen, no matter who the instruction is coming from. They all want to go explore, or swim, or hunt as they please. Also, both assemblies of kids don’t really care about going home; not until the end. They have a great time on their separate islands, and act as if they were going to live there forever. But, when the opportunity arrives to return home, they jump at the chance. As one can see, Lord of the Flies and Peter Pan have some similarities, yet they each maintain their own distinct features. Though one story depicts the loss of humanity, and the other shows the maintaining of childhood, they have quite similar aspects. Each is a tale of British children, but they are placed in different circumstances. They all have a life changing experience that Peter summarizes by saying, â€Å"To live will be an awfully big adventure. †