Effective Communication in Team Dynamics Essay - 1096 Words

Throughout personal and business lives everyone will eventually work in a team setting. A team usually consists of three or more people who have a common goal or purpose. When working in a team, members have to decide what roles they will fill, plan their schedules for projects, and deal with upcoming team conflicts. Stewart, Sims Manz (1999) stated, â€Å"For a team to succeed, team members need to effectively communicate with one another† (p. 79). While each element of teamwork is important, effective communication is the cornerstone to team dynamics. One of the main elements of effective communication is open discussions. Everyone on the team needs to be willing to share his or her point of view. De Janasz, Dowd Schneider (2002)†¦show more content†¦Once the team has achieved open communication the team members will be more willing to encourage each other, which will lead to more creativity and risk taking. This creativity will be achieved by trusting that the communication will be heard, discussed and tried if it will help the team reach its goals. Temme and Katzel (1995) wrote that â€Å"risk taking plays a major role in the creative process.† Trust and open communication will lead to brainstorming and sharing of ideas between the team members. Therefore, team members must try new things to see if the ideas presented will benefit the ultimate outcome and help achieve the final goal. Eventually every team will have a conflict. Since conflict is inevitable, effective communication is vital for the team success. The team needs to figure out what the conflict is, what needs to be done to get the team going again, what the options are and how they will solve the conflict in a way that is beneficial to the team (University of Phoenix, 2004). Without effective communication, this process of conflict resolution would fail. The team members would not be willing to share their point of view, teamwork would stall, and the conflict would escalate. Once a conflict escalates, the team will have a hard time coming back together and trusting each other to accomplish the set goals. The team must be able to communication openly and discuss solutionsShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding The Concepts Of A Team Essay1291 Words   |  6 Pagesthe concepts of a team. Teams have become more increasingly prominent in the workforce because it has countless benefits for both individual and the organization as a whole. A team rather than individualized work derive better quality, understand the strengths and weakness of each team member, it increases productivity and creates an opportunity for synergistic combinations of idea and abilities. Due to individuals distinctive personality traits the development of a cohesive team can be challengingRead MoreThe Importance Of Communication And Group Dynamics990 Words   |  4 Pagestheir group dynamics. Therefore having such understanding it is important to know which are the best ways of communication and how successful teams or groups can be successful. When there is a break down in communication then goals and objectives of the organizations will not be easily met and problems will arise because of this. In the same way if a group is not well directed then its goals will also not be met. Therefore it is important to understand the importance of communication and group dynamicsRead MoreManagement Skills and Srategies to Personal Improvement Essay1695 Words   |  7 Pagesbe effective. The skills are also crucial in creating healthy work environment for all employees. These skills have a direct effect on each task’s outcome and success of organizations. In order to bring effectiveness to the organizations, these core skills have to be exercised by managers. In addition, to be a good manager one is required to have interpersonal skill, time management skill, conceptual skill, diagnostic skill, technical and decision making skills. A manager with the effective skillsRead MoreEssay on Obstacles In Team Dynamics1475 Words   |  6 PagesObstacles in Team Dynamics Abstract Students face obstacles on a daily basis. These may include personal, financial obstacles or obstacles at work. There are many ways to deal with them, and due to human nature, they are dealt with uniquely. Working within a team environment brings its own obstacles. This paper will discuss obstacles in team dynamics and how to overcome them. Obstacles in Team Dynamics By the time people reach adulthood, they have gone through many obstacles inRead MoreThe Importance Of Team Communication Essay1457 Words   |  6 Pagesof this paper is to show how communication is a very vital and important factor in a team’s success. I will cover how it helps to identify each individual team member’s role. I will discuss how team communication helps everyone in the team to understand the end goal, and I will also discuss how communication is a vital part of project planning within the team. The Importance of Team Communication Team dynamics is the unseen force that pulls and influences a team to act and react in a certainRead MoreManagement Team : Business Operations1391 Words   |  6 PagesManagement Team In Business Operations The management team in our business includes the Chief Financial Officer, the Sales Manager, the Marketing Director, the Human Resources Director, the Chief Technology Officer, and the Chief Executive Officer. The Chief Financial Officer is the one responsible for the budget and the accounting systems of the business. A growing company needs a CFO in its management team because the cash position and assets of the company have to be monitored and husbandedRead MoreManagement : For Avoiding And Compromising Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pages I need to build skills in areas of communication, risk management and decision making in difficult situations as well as in dealing with risk and with situations requiring me to lead. So, it becomes important for me to build better communication skills as well as collaboration skills. Conflicts can be avoided in a team by ensuring that there be change implemented with the support of all of the team members and that there is effective communication. It is important that I ensure the buildingRead MoreEvaluate the Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization for Business1101 Words   |  5 PagesEssay Title: How can effective teamwork in organisations make business more profitable? Nowadays, most of the organizations try to develop some kind of teamwork in their businesses. Teamwork originated in workplaces, since people began to operate collectively through organisations. Over the years various rules, ideas, practices and theories that constitute the evolution of teamwork and management have developed. Teamwork can be considered one of the oldest human activities. The ancient ChineseRead MoreOrganizational Program Design Project Design1466 Words   |  6 Pagesthinking and effective leadership skill sets. In our present age of strategic dynamic change, it is critical that the managers and the leaders of organizations understand the source, cause of the evolving issues and develops the appropriate skills and strategies for dealing with them. Meeting these challenges require the management and leaders of the organization to develop strategic plans with focus on the vision, mission and value of the organization, develop and maintain a dynamic workforce, Keywords:Read MoreKey Personality Tests And Planning For Better Managerial Skills1497 Words   |  6 Pagesthe future. Only then it would be possible to create an effective personality. It is crucial to bring about better competencies in order to excel at work place. It is important for managers to think critically and develop coherent arguments because it helps them understand situations, analyze and take appropriate decisions. It helps ensure better levels of innovation as well as growth among the organization. It also helps build teams and create synergies along with problem solving. All of

Determinants Of Import Demand For Ghana Essay - 2185 Words

DETERMINANTS OF IMPORT DEMAND IN GHANA Abstract The paper investigates the determinants of import demand for Ghana using a time series data from 1980 to 2013. An imperfect substitute approach was used in modelling the import demand function for Ghana. Amongst the key results it is found that Ghana’s import demand is positively and significantly affected by the level of exports, government spending and gross fixed capital formation. These three variables are the major determinants of Ghana’s imports. Relative prices and inflation showed a negative insignificant relationship. The study concluded that increasing the share of those components for which import demand elasticity is low and by reducing the share of those components for which import demand elasticity is high will help improve balance of payments.. For instance, monetary policy promoting saving and investment and fiscal policy providing incentives for domestic resource-based and export oriented industries will be useful. Exports of finished goods instead of p rimary or semi-finished commodities should be encouraged. Keywords: Import demand, import substitution, Ghana Introduction The importance of international trade in the development process has been of interest to development economists. In the recent years, because of the popularity of globalization, the interdependence among countries at the world level has increased. Every country wants to achieve rapid pace of economic development through getting theShow MoreRelatedEffects of Human Capital on Maize Production in Ghana Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagesto 21.5% in 2013, it still remains a significant player in the economy of the country (Ghana Statistical Service 2008; ISSER 2011; CIA 2013). The agricultural sector employs about 60% of the workforce in Ghana and can therefore be regarded as the backbone of the Ghanaian economy (ISSER, 2011). Maize is the most important cereal crop produced in Ghana and it is also the most widely consumed staple food in Ghana (Morris et al., 1999). Maize accounts for 55% of grain output in the country. Maize isRead MoreQuestions On International Trade Theory1332 Words   |  6 Pagesdecades to trade with other nations. Furthermore, international trade theories were developed to explain the benefit nations can get from utilizing free trade pattern and participating in the multilateral trade with opening up strategy by eliminating import control, export support and other types of anti-trade approach (Geiersbach, 2012). In this essay, two major parts of the evolution of international trade theory were compared and contrasted, which are traditional international trade theory and newRead MoreAlpha Is The Largest And Most Internationalised Nigerian5097 Words   |  21 Pageswell as offering import subsidies geared towards intermediary input products. This policy approach by the government re sulted in a temporary increase in manufacturing output with a peak at 7.8% contribution to the total economy in the 1980s’, especially in the assemblage sub-sector. Again, 1987 saw an enactment of Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) as advised by the World Bank. Whereby the Nigerian government placed an embargo on the importation of raw materials to encourage import substitution toRead MoreDeterminants of International Trade Essay22457 Words   |  90 PagesUNDERSTANDING THE DETERMINANTS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN AFRICAN COUNTRIES: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS FOR GHANA AND SOUTH AFRICA    LAURA Mà RQUEZ-RAMOS Universitat Jaume I Instituto de Economà ­a Internacional ABSTRACT There are clear economic differences between developed and developing countries that lead to a different behaviour among them in the determinants of bilateral trade flows. Although a number of authors have focused on the determinants of the trade patterns, further researchRead MoreAgri Markets7792 Words   |  32 PagesSCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Market Information and Extent of Agricultural Commercialization: Empirical Evidence from Smallholder Farmers in Effutu Municipality of Ghana Edward Martey1* 1 Savanna Agricultural Research Institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P. O. Box TL 52, Tamale, Ghana. Author’s contribution This whole work was carried out by author EM. th Original Research Article Received 26 March 2014 th Accepted 14 May 2014 th Published 29 July 2014 Read MoreIndividual Case Analysis And Presentation Essay9535 Words   |  39 Pagesas offering import subsidies gear towards intermediary input products. This policy approach by the government resulted in a temporary increase in manufacturing output with a peak of 7.8% contribution to the total economy in the 1980s’, especially in the assemblage sub-sector. Again, 1987 saw an enactment of Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) as advised by the World Bank, whereby the Nigerian government placed a ban on the importation of raw materials into Nigeria to encourage import substitutionRead MoreImport And Local Production Of Cement Importation9782 Words   |  40 Pagesother inputs in the manufacturing and distribution process. Also, the easy access and low cost of acquiring an import license in comparison with difficulty in import license acquisition for manufacturing equipment spare parts also discouraged local manufacturing (Mojekwu, Idowu, Sode, 2013). See table below for th e import and local manufacturing trend over time Table 3: Cement imports and local production 1986-2011 As seen from the above table 2, between 1999 and 2008 the importation of cementRead MoreIca Gh Syslabus26672 Words   |  107 PagesObjectives and Expected Performance Outcome of each part THE INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS (GHANA) Syllabus for ICAG Qualifying Examinations ACCRA 2009 Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana 1 Proposed Sylabus for ICAG Qualifying Examinations Contents Introduction Features and Inovations of the New Scheme Objectives and Expected Performance Outcomes of Each Part PART 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Financial Accounting Fundermentals Business Management Economics Management InformationRead MoreFactors Influencing The International Expansion Of Nigerian Banks6650 Words   |  27 PagesInterSwitch, Computer Warehouse group, Globalcom and several banks. Specifically, research on the motivation and patterns of the internationalisation of SSA firms, will bring understanding to heterogeneous characteristics of these multinationals and the determinant factors of their internationalisation.. 5. Methodology Due to the relatively under-explored research topic and contemporary nature of the phenomenon under investigation of the internationalisation process of SSA firms from Nigeria a case studyRead MoreFormal and Informal Institutions21073 Words   |  85 Pagesincreasingly difficult for informal credit sources to satisfy, yet they still remain too small for the formal lenders (Aryeetey, 1996a). Studies on financial markets in Africa have shown that credit markets are segmented and unable to satisfy the existing demand for credit in rural areas. Whereas for informal markets it is the limited resources that bring the constraint, for the formal sector it is the difficulty in loan administration that is the problem. A relevant issue for empirical investigation is therefore

Concept Analysis Mentoring Nurse Managers Free Essays

Mentoring is a multidimensional relationship that energizes personal and professional growth (Wagner and Seymour, 2007). The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of mentoring and the key role it plays in the development of nurse managers. Introduction Over the past 20 years the concept of mentoring has grown more popular in our workplaces. We will write a custom essay sample on Concept Analysis: Mentoring Nurse Managers or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many public service organizations, as well as, corporations have developed formal mentoring programs for both management and staff for the purpose of improving overall operations, productivity and overall commitment to the organizations goals. Mentoring is now being recognized in nursing and other healthcare fields. This concept analysis will attempt to clearly define the concept mentoring while differentiating it from precepting and clinical supervision. Finally, this article will discuss the importance of a mentoring program designed for developing managers. Definition While searching the literature, many articles regarding mentoring can be found in business and management journals but few are found in nursing and medical journals. In the nursing and medical journals the concept of mentoring appears murky. In some cases the terms mentoring, precepting and clinical supervision are used interchangeably. This leads to confusion and inaccuracy. The word mentor dates back to Greek Mythology. Mentor was a friend of Odysseus entrusted with the education of Odysseus’ son Telemachus. The Webster dictionary defines mentor as a trusted and wise counselor or guide, a tutor or coach (Give, 1966). Other definitions include, â€Å"a learning relationship†, â€Å"a critical companionship† and a process in which two or more people create a connection in a safe environment that allows healing truth and wisdom to be discovered (Wagner and Seymour, 2007). For the purposes of this paper we will use the following definition: Mentoring occurs when a senior person in terms of experience not necessarily age provides information, advice and emotional support for the mentee or protà ©gà © in a relationship lasting over an extended period of time and marked by emotional commitment by both parties. If the opportunity presents itself the mentor uses both formal and informal forms of influence to further the career path of the protà ©gà ©. (Bowen, 1985) The mentoring process consists of four steps: initiation, cultivation, separation and redefinition (Kram, 1983). The first stage involves the mentor and the mentee becoming acquainted and setting goals. During the cultivation stage, information is shared, problem solving, decisions and exploration of alternatives occur. During the separation stage, the mentee is empowered to move towards their goal and enhance their career path. In the final stage of redefinition, the mentor/mentee relationship evolves to a mutual friendship or the relationship is terminated. (Wagner and Seymour, 2007) As stated earlier mentoring should not be confused with the terms preceptor and clinical supervision. Clinical supervision is defined as the process whereby a practitioner reviews with another person his ongoing clinical work and relevant aspects of his own reactions to that work. It is also defines as a practice focused professional relationship involving a practitioner reflecting on practice while guided by a supervisor. (Lyth, 2000) Clinical supervision focuses on an individual situation. Once the goal is reached the process is complete. Precepting is defined as teaching job responsibilities and related tasks (Grossman, 2009). The precepting relationship is similar to that of a teacher and student. Once the task is learned sufficiently, the relationship ends. The precepting relationship is time limited in that the task must be learned within a certain timeframe. Attributes of Mentoring Walker and Avant define this step of concept analysis as showing the cluster of attributes most frequently associated with the concept (Walker and Avant, 2005). Some of the common attributes involved in mentoring are caring, self reflection, confidence and knowledge. In the literature search caring is addressed in every mentoring article I read. Every successful mentor/mentee relationship has a caring base. Consider Watson’s Theory of Human Caring, in the caring moment the caregiver and the cared – for share on a personal level and create a mutual opportunity for learning from each other (Watson, 1999). This statement mirrors the definition of mentoring. Self reflection is the process in which someone stops to re evaluate a situation or action after the occurrence of an event. This is done for the purposes of learning, self growth and self improvement. A good mentor realizes that during the process they too will learn a great deal. Confidence is believing in yourself and your abilities even in the face of adversity. A good mentor does not fear teaching or sharing information. Succession planning is not a threat, but rather, the opportunity to continue their work and legacy in the organization after retirement (Tagnes, Dumont, Rawlinson and Byrd, 2009) Finally, the mentor must possess mastery of knowledge in their area of expertise. If the mentor has no knowledge or information to share, the process cannot start. Antecedents Antecedents are those events or incidents that must occur prior to the occurrence of the concept (Walker and Avant, 2005). Two crucial antecedents to mentoring are the mentor and the mentee or protà ©gà ©. Without either party, the concept will not exist. The other critical antecedent is the mentor must possess knowledge and skills to be shared. Effective communication skills and interpersonal skills are also necessary. If adequate communication cannot occur, the mentoring relationship cannot develop. The mentor and mentee must also be committed to devoting time to the process. If there is no available time, the mentoring process cannot begin. Consequences Consequences are those events that result from the occurrence of the concept (Walker and Avant, 2005). Successful mentoring programs benefit an organization by: increasing retention, reducing turnover costs, improving productivity and enhancing professional development. Creating a mentoring culture continuously promotes individual and employee growth and development (Foster, 2008). Model Case Example Sally is a new nurse manager. During her orientation process, Paulette is her assigned preceptor. Paulette has been with the organization many years and has over 15 year’s management experience. She voluntarily offers her services as a mentor to many new managers. After meeting and discussing goals, they decide Sally needs assistance understanding the various roles of people in the organization and how their roles interact with one another. Paulette takes Sally with her to meet the various employees. She schedules luncheons and meetings with various departments so Sally can better understand their roles. She also brings Sally to the administrative meetings as well as the administrative picnic to learn how decisions are made. Sally is encouraged to voice ideas and concerns in these various sessions. Her input is well received. After approximately 6 months Sally now has a sense of confidence and feels comfortable handling many of the day to day situations presented to her. Although the formal mentoring program is complete, Sally still meets with Paulette every few weeks to discuss life and feels comfortable calling her for advice. Paulette also calls Sally from time to time for her opinion regarding situations. This example sites all of the necessary qualities for a positive mentor/mentee relationship. Illegitimate Case Model As Kim started her role as a manager, the administrator assigned her worthwhile and appropriate assignments and tasks to perform. She had the opportunity to attend a multitude of meeting and had some contact with the major staff. However, she was never invited to listen to informal conference calls or side meetings where all of the major decisions were made. She was not involved in the development of changes. She was however, told what need to be done by her administrator. She was not informed of any history behind decision making strategies. The administrator in this situation served as a preceptor not a mentor. She only took the time to teach tasks and failed to elicit input or encourage professional growth. Conclusion Mentoring is a multidimensional process that can be learned over time. It requires reflection, knowledge of self and profession, knowledge of mentoring process and skills, communication and social skills, practice and support (Vance, 2002). Qualities of a good mentor include: commitment, honesty, compassion, personal/professional ethics, expertise, energy, creativity, effective interpersonal and communication skills (Kappel, 2008). A good mentor is passionate about her work and is committed to helping the mentee successfully meet their goals. Communication between the mentor and mentee is open and honest in a positive caring environment for success to occur. A good mentor creates opportunities and opens doors. Mentors know your strengths and abilities. They do not set you up for failure. Mentors set an example through both their words and actions. Mentors want you to succeed and help you learn from your mistakes. Mentors want you to become independent. Mentoring nurse managers is crucial to the success and survival of nurses. The nursing profession is continually working to recruit more people into the field. Nurse retention can improve under the supervision of visionary nurse leaders because the environment created by their leadership is directly related to the success in retaining nurses (Colonghi, 2009). Nurse Managers need seasoned mentors to guide and nurture them to their full potential which promotes a supportive environment and give them the endurance to survive in difficult times. The mood, attitudes and examples set by the nurse manager set the tone and attitudes of the staff. How to cite Concept Analysis: Mentoring Nurse Managers, Essay examples

The Play Must Go West Essays - Ludlow, New Orleans,

The Play Must Go West Soon after the American Revolution, Americans began their expansion to the west. It was our Manifest Destiny to tame the wilds of the west and expand our nation from coast to coast. Families from all over would load up their belongings and travel to the newly purchased lands. People from New York, Philadelphia, Boston and all parts of the new nation brought with them their language, culture and belief systems. Along with this they also brought the theater. It was not long after people would begin to live in an area that the theater would take root. The progress of the theater in the United States can be traced along the same routes as the settlement of the west. Beginning on the east coast with early colonies the theater was carried with our ancestors to their new homes in the west. From St. Louise to Kansas City, from Kansas City to California and all parts in between. Horace Greeley said Go west young man and the theater followed. In 1492 Christopher Columbus left Azones on a trip to discover a western sea route to the Orient. Seventy days later Columbus made land fall on what he thought was an outlying portion of Asia. Columbus would go to his death believing he had landed in Asia, he was wrong. Although he did open up a new world for Europeans to expand their culture into.(Billington 15) Thought many early attempts where made to settle this new land. Most ended in disaster. In 1620 however, 128 years after Columbus made his brave but mistaken discovery of the new world, the pilgrims set out to make a permanent settlement in America. They put a shore in what is now called Massachusetts and formed a thriving, self governed colony.(Billington 57) 10 years later, John Wintrope brings 1000 colonist and founds the city of Boston. Wintropes British settlement had not been in the new world long, in fact less than a year, when they discovered that the Dutch had formed their own nearby settlement. The Dutch called their town New Amsterdam. This caused immediate competition and rivalry between the settlements.(Billington 60) After a war with the Dutch the city of New Amsterdam came into the possession of the British Empire and King Charles the Second. King Charles had newly been restored to the throne of England after a long forced vacation on the mainland of Europe. As a reward to those who supported his return, he annexed New Amsterdam and renamed it New York and gave large portions of it to his most loyal supporters.(Billington 67) In the ensuing years many English colonist came to the new world setting up towns and cities all along the Atlantic coast line. It is in these towns and cities that we see European culture, especially E nglish culture, being planted in the new world. With this new culture being brought to this new and untamed land it is natural that the forms of entertainment would also not be far behind. The lands of the new world where now fertile for the seed of the theater. In 1716 we have records of a theater being built in Willamsburg Virginia. This is probable the first theater built in the Americas. While there where probable plays and some small theatrical productions being done earlier, this is our first ever record of a building being built for this specific purpose.(Hornblow) We know that in New York in 1752, the Hallams performed the Merchant of Venice. We also know that the Hallams used a theater that was build for use by Murray and Kean who had a troupe who had performed the same play along with Richard the III many years earlier. (Hornblow) So theater came early to the Americas but was contained to the coastal areas much like the colonies where. It would take the formation of a new country and an expansion of the boarders of this new country to help theater on its western trek across the great expanses of North America. Caused by what they believed was an erosions of their natural rights and being governed with out representation The colonies in America decided to take a bold move and break their

PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH HYPTHESIS Essays - Statistical Inference

PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH HYPTHESIS Essays - Statistical Inference PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH HYPTHESIS Business PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH HYPTHESIS In this assignment, we will attempt to study the effects that difference in Income Ratio (henceforth known as I.R.) between the years 1980 and 1990 have on the Productivity Growth (P.G.) during the same period of time. The Income Ratio of one specific year can be found if we take the average income of the richest faction of a country (the richest 20% of the population) and divide it by that of the poorest faction (the poorest 20%). In this assignment, the Income Ratios that were used were those of 13 different countries. The I.R.'s on both 1980 and 1990 were taken for all these countries and, to find the difference between them, the I.R. for 1990 was divided by the I.R. for 1980, for each country. These new numbers illustrate the change of I.R. between the two years so that we can compare how the P.G. changes in relation to the changes in the I.R.. On this assignment, we use inductive reasoning to examine the data and find a theory (a hypothesis) that would combine the data given in a way that would make sense, based solely on our data. How do we know if the "theory" that we formulate makes sense? In this case we will plot the points (derived from the column "I.R. 1990/1980," going on the x-axis, and the column "Productivity Growth 79-90," on the y-axis). According to how the points are on the graph in relation to the Average Point (0.94,1.45) (point that is an average of all values and which divides the graph into four Quadrants), if 80% of these points are where they would be expected to be to conform to the hypothesis, then there is no reason to reject this hypothesis. If, on the other hand, the majority of the points does not conform to our hypothesis (are not where they were predicted to be), then it is rejected. Another method of reasoning frequently used by Mainstream economists is "deductive knowledge," as opposed to "inductive," described above. Their theory is formulated and only then it is applied to the data. Their theory on this subject suggests that productivity within a country grows when the population has incentives to work harder (or to work more). When the gap between rich and poor increases (an increase in I.R. form 1980-90, resulting in a larger ratio on the column I.R. 1990/1980), so does the population's eagerness to work, therefore increasing the Productivity Growth. Since when one variable goes up the other also goes up, there is a positive (or direct) correlation between the two. Mainstream economists use deductive reasoning to deduce that there exists a positive correlation between the two factors. In short, their hypothesis is that when the Income Ratio increases, the Productivity Growth also increases, since people are more motivated. For this to be true, we would expect a line going up and to the right on the graph, passing by Quadrants II and IV. Most points (80% or more) would have to be on these two Quadrants. This, however, is not the case (see graph), since only about 30.77% of the points plotted satisfy these conditions. Since the original hypothesis was rejected, we might want to see if there is a negative correlation between the two variables (that is, as one goes up, the other goes down). Our new hypothesis would then be "as the Income Ratio increases, the Productivity Growth decreases." Then, in the case of a high I.R., people in lower classes would rationally start to feel insecure and that their work is not being recognized by society, therefore losing motivation and producing less. In this case, since there's a negative correlation, one would expect the line on the graph to go downwards, from left to right, passing on Quadrants I and III. If this hypothesis were valid, 80%+ of the points would have to be on these Quadrants. This is also not the case, for only 69.32% of the points are on the appropriate Quadrants. Like the first, this second hypothesis also has to be rejected. After analyzing these two relationships and seeing that neither is valid, we conclude that there is no direct relationship between the two variables tested. That does not mean that one has no effect on the other (it probably does), only that there may be other factors and influences involved that have not been accounted for in this assignment and that one is not the only factor responsible for the changes in the other. DATA SHEET

History and Archaeology of Chinchorro Culture

History and Archaeology of Chinchorro Culture Chinchorro Culture (or Chinchorro Tradition or Complex) is what archaeologists call the archaeological remains of the sedentary fishing people of the arid coastal regions of northern Chile and southern Peru including the Atacama Desert. The Chinchorro are most famous for their detailed mummification practice that lasted for several thousand years, evolving and adapting over the period. The Chinchorro type site is a cemetery site in Arica, Chile, and it was discovered by Max Uhle in the early 20th century. Uhles excavations revealed a collection of mummies, among the earliest in the world. Read more about the Chinchorro Mummies The Chinchorro people subsisted using a combination of fishing, hunting and gatheringthe word Chinchorro means roughly fishing boat. They lived along the coast of the Atacama Desert of northern-most Chile from the Lluta valley to the Loa river and into southern Peru. The earliest sites (mostly middens) of the Chinchorro date as early as 7,000 BC at the site of Acha. The first evidence of mummification dates to approximately 5,000 BC, in the Quebrada de Camarones region, making the Chinchorro mummies the oldest in the world. Chinchorro Chronology 7020-5000 BC, Foundation5000-4800 BC, Initial4980-2700 BC, Classic2700-1900 BC, Transitional1880-1500 BC, Late1500-1100 BC Quiani Chinchorro Lifeways Chinchorro sites are primarily located on the coast, but there are a handful of inland and highland sites as well. All of them seem to follow a sedentary lifeway reliant on maritime resources. The predominant Chinchorro lifestyle appears to have been an early coastal sedentism, supported by fish, shellfish and sea mammals, and their sites all contain an extensive and sophisticated fishing tool assemblage. Coastal middens indicate a diet predominated by sea mammals, coastal birds, and fish. Stable isotope analysis of the hair and human bones from the mummies indicates that nearly 90 percent of Chinchorro diets came from maritime food sources, 5 percent from terrestrial animals and another 5 percent from terrestrial plants. Although only a handful of settlement sites have been identified to date, Chinchorro communities were likely small groups of huts housing single nuclear families, with a population size of approximately 30-50 individuals. Large shell middens were found by Junius Bird in the 1940s, adjacent to the huts at the site of Acha in Chile. The Quiana 9 site, dated to 4420 BC, contained the remains of several semicircular huts located on the slope of an Arica coastal hill. The huts there were built of posts with sea mammal skin roofs. Caleta Huelen 42, near the mouth of the Loa River in Chile, had several semisubterranean circular huts with superimposed floors, implying long-term ongoing settlement. Chinchorro and the Environment Marquet et al. (2012) completed an analysis of environmental changes of the Atacama coast during the 3,000-year span of the Chinchorro culture mummification process. Their conclusion: that the cultural and technological complexity evidenced in mummy construction and in fishing gear may have been brought about by environmental changes. They point out that the micro-climates within the Atacama desert fluctuated during the end of the Pleistocene, with several wet phases that resulted in higher ground tables, higher lake levels, and plant invasions, alternating with extreme aridity. The latest phase of the Central Andean Pluvial Event occurred between 13,800 and 10,000 years ago  when human settlement began in the Atacama. At 9,500 years ago, the Atacama had an abrupt onset of arid conditions, driving people out of the desert; another wet period between 7,800 and 6,700 brought them back. The effect of ongoing yo-yo climates was seen in population increases and decreases throughout the period. Marquet and colleagues argue that cultural complexitythat is to say, the sophisticated harpoons and other tackleemerged when the climate was reasonable, populations were high and plentiful fish and seafood were available. The cult of the dead exemplified by the elaborate mummification grew because the arid climate created natural mummies and subsequent wet periods exposed the mummies to the inhabitants at a time when dense populations spurred cultural innovations. Chinchorro and Arsenic The Atacama desert where many of the Chinchorro sites are located has elevated levels of copper, arsenic and other toxic metals. Trace amounts of the metals are present in the natural water resources  and have been identified in the hair and teeth of the mummies, and in the current coastal populations (Bryne et al). Percentages of arsenic concentrations within the mummies ranges from Archaeological Sites: Ilo (Peru), Chinchorro, El Morro 1, Quiani, Camarones, Pisagua Viejo, Bajo Mollo, Patillos, Cobija (all in Chile) Sources Allison MJ, Focacci G, Arriaza B, Standen VG, Rivera M, and Lowenstein JM. 1984. Chinchorro, momias de preparacià ³n complicada: Mà ©todos de momificacià ³n. Chungara: Revista de Antropologà ­a Chilena 13:155-173. Arriaza BT. 1994. Tipologà ­a de las momias Chinchorro y evolucià ³n de las prcticas de momificacià ³n. Chungara: Revista de Antropologà ­a Chilena 26(1):11-47. Arriaza BT. 1995. Chinchorro Bioarchaeology: Chronology and Mummy Seriation. Latin American Antiquity 6(1):35-55. Arriaza BT. 1995. Chinchorro Bioarchaeology: Chronology and Mummy Seriation. Latin American Antiquity 6(1):35-55. Byrne S, Amarasiriwardena D, Bandak B, Bartkus L, Kane J, Jones J, Yaà ±ez J, Arriaza B, and Cornejo L. 2010. Were Chinchorros exposed to arsenic? Arsenic determination in Chinchorro mummies hair by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Microchemical Journal 94(1):28-35. Marquet PA, Santoro CM, Latorre C, Standen VG, Abades SR, Rivadeneira MM, Arriaza B, and Hochberg ME. 2012. Emergence of social complexity among coastal hunter-gatherers in the Atacama desert of northern Chile. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Early Edition. Pringle H. 2001. The Mummy Congress: Science, Obsession, and the Everlasting Dead. Hyperion Books, Theia Press, New York. Standen VG. 2003. Bienes funerarios del cementerio Chinchorro Morro 1: descripcià ³n, anlisis e interpretacià ³n. Chungar (Arica) 35:175-207. Standen VG. 1997. Temprana Complejidad Funeraria de la Cultura Chinchorro (Norte de Chile). Latin American Antiquity 8(2):134-156. Standen VG, Allison MJ, and Arriaza B. 1984. Patologà ­as à ³seas de la poblacià ³n Morro-1, asociada al complejo Chinchorro: Norte de Chile. Chungara: Revista de Antropologà ­a Chilena 13:175-185. Standen VG, and Santoro CM. 2004. Patrà ³n funerario arcaico temprano del sitio Acha-3 y su relacià ³n con Chinchorro: Cazadores, pescadores y recolectores de la costa norte de Chile. Latin American Antiquity 15(1):89-109.

Consultancy business report Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Consultancy business report - Term Paper Example organization that has progressed or has a vision for a brighter future is can be gagged by an analysis of how it takes care or manages its human resources. The saddest fact in the recent trend has been to assume or overlook the roles human resources play in a particular organization. With the current age of automation, scores of managers looks upon the machines as vital components for executing their business strategies. They tend to shift their focus from the human aspect of their business operations and concentrate on the technological aspect. On the same note, the current business age calls for comprehensive strategies from business organizations that aim to remain in the market. With globalization as the target mark for many companies, every business organization will strive to achieve it. However, the only route for the achievement of the same lays in the careful planning and implementations of an all inclusive market related plans that are termed as corporate strategies. The fo rmulation and implementations of corporate strategies has been seen as a decisive tool in the growth of a company only if a proper correlation between the same and the human capital has been made. For a long time, human capital has been only valued in terms of their labor output per unit; with their roles in the implementation of corporate ignored in most cases. This paper looks into the links between corporate strategy and human resources with due considerations to Sedibeng breweries from South Africa. A strategy is simply a plan that is aimed at making a company or a business organization to market itself to attain a larger share of market from its competitors (Miller, 1989). Thus, the process is entirely a marketing plan that is aimed at making that particular business unit to have a relatively different and unique platform that will distinguish its activities from those of its competitors, to gain a competitive advantage. If the management’s plan of making the company to gain a